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Mineral Species · Silicates

Andalusite

红柱石

Al₂SiO₅

Andalusite (Al₂SiO₅) is the low-pressure aluminosilicate polymorph (with kyanite high-P and sillimanite high-T). Its name comes from Andalusia (Spain). The "chiastolite" variety contains carbonaceous cross-shaped inclusions producing iconic "fairy cross" patterns on cut sections —…

Crystal system

Orthorhombic

Hardness

6.5–7.5

Specific gravity

3.15

Andalusite (Al₂SiO₅) is the low-pressure aluminosilicate polymorph (with kyanite high-P and sillimanite high-T). Its name comes from Andalusia (Spain). The “chiastolite” variety contains carbonaceous cross-shaped inclusions producing iconic “fairy cross” patterns on cut sections — a longtime collector favorite from Madera (California) and Lancaster (Massachusetts).

Key Facts

  • Mohs hardness 6.5–7.5.
  • Orthorhombic; one of three Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs.
  • Strong pleochroism in colored varieties (green / yellow / red).
  • Chiastolite variety: cross-shaped carbonaceous inclusions on cleaved cross-sections.
  • Diagnostic indicator of low-pressure metamorphism.

Notable Localities

Andalusia (Spain) and Madera (California) yield chiastolite. Minas Gerais (Brazil) supplies gem material. Lancaster (Massachusetts) is a classic American source.

Found at these Localities

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Related Minerals

Chemistry and crystal-system companions of Andalusite.

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